Indian Schools' Infrastructure: the Support My School Initiative

Education is a building block for any society. Unfortunately in India, a large section of people still don't have access to basic education. Getting higher education is another thing, but it becomes a topic of grave concern if some section of people is not even able to get access to basic education. This not only hampers their personal growth but also affects the society as a whole. For proper and wholesome growth of society it's important that entire human population residing in it has proper access to education. The problem occurs when a family is poor and has to worry about even their daily meals. In such cases, education of children takes backstage and several other things get prioritised. However we should understand that real growth of our Nation is possible only if we take our fellow countrymen along in the journey.

Education in India suffers from several problem. But the most prominent one is lack of sanitation, hygiene and safety in Schools. These factors particularly become prominent in Government schools established in rural areas. Govt Schools in rural areas are highly neglected and lack basic sanitation facilities too. Since a large population of India resides in small villages and towns, it’s important to focus on the quality of schools in such regions. It is also noteworthy that, it’s only poor people who are made to bear the brunt of all this negligence in standard of education. More affluent families have always got the option to send their children to private schools. So this makes it even more pertinent that Govt schools in small towns and villages should be focused upon to bring better educational resources there.

Families in rural areas already hesitate from sending their children to schools due to their poverty. Added to their hesitation, if the school is not good enough, they are even less likely not to send their children to school. In deciding quality of any school, three things particularly play an important role- the quality of teachers, the infrastructure of school, and sanitation facilities. Govt schools in small towns usually lack all the three. Out of the three, sanitation is probably the most important factor that decides whether the children will be willing to come to school daily or not. In several rural schools, sanitation facilities are in horrible conditions. Separate toilets of boys and girls are not there, and wherever they are there, they are badly maintained. They have cleanliness issues. These factors really means a lot for psychological well being of children. Girl children in particular, hesitate from going to such schools.

Absence of play grounds and other recreational places, is also one major factor. Their roles in the all round development of children can never be underestimated. They also play some role in attracting the children to schools. Small town schools unfortunately have poorly maintained play grounds and sports facilities.

With the recently launched toilets-in-schools campaign by central Govt, situation is certainly improving but there is a lot more to do. Clean drinking water, sports facilities, library infrastructure; these too need to be prioritized. This is where non-governmental organizations and common men should step in to help. One very good example of combined concerted efforts of NGOs with help from concerned citizens, is that of “Support My School” campaign, which focuses on safe drinking water, hygiene, infrastructure and sanitation in schools. This is being undertaken by Coca-Cola India & NDTV, in association with the UN-Habitat and Charities Aid Foundation (CAF). NDTV has targeted to vitalize 1000 schools and named it   “Mission 1000”. It’s necessary that schools are having a cleaner and healthier environment, so that children are more likely to continue their education and not drop-out midway their education. So these efforts by NGOs and other organizations should always be appreciated and supported by us. Overall, the progress looks good for our society. Hope we are able to focus well on education and make a difference to our education system.

Are we really Independent?

Image Credit:-   http://www.mapsofindia.com/

This is the most common question raised by many, every Independence Day in India. People wonder about it due to many reasons. Some think why we should feel happy being Independent if we are still being ruled by politicians who are chosen by the votes of a very small section of people, some think why we should feel Independent if we are made to follow archaic laws which are hardly made through our consent in the first place, some feel why should we really feel Independent if we have to abide by society's culture and norms, many of which could be most stupid and nonsensical. And there are many more- poverty, scams, corruption, reservation, LGBT rights, transparency, accountability, to name just a few. So are we really Independent?

This is really a tricky, mind-boggling question. The answer to which depends on the way we interpret the term "Independence". Do we take "independence" as simply independence from Britishers? If yes, then surly we have become independent from British rule. In fact that's the reason "Independence day" is commemorated for - to mark the day we got independence from Britishers, and to remember the martyrdom of our courageous freedom fighters. 

But then, we are forced to think, after we got independence from Britishers, did we really get self-dependence? How good getting independence from Britishers have been to us? Have we got self ruling? Or are we still being ruled by, against our wishes? 

The question gets even more complex when we start thinking about more deeper meaning of independence.
Have we really been living in a free, independent nation, where we get to do what we wish, and be what we want? Or do we get bogged down by norms and expectations of society? Does every single citizen of India feel fully enabled to achieve his or her dreams? Or do some sections of people feel completely helpless and dependent on other privileged lot, for fulfillment of even their basic needs? The question looms back to haunt you every time you see child beggars on streets, poor farmers toiling in scorching heat on someone else land, and talented but poor people not being able to achieve their dreams due to poverty. All these instances make us think - Are we really dependent? Have we really independent?

Image Credit:- http://www.elections.in/blog/are-we-really-independent-in-india/

On top of that, certain sections in society are ostracized and have hardly any rights as general people. Transgenders people to name one. Moreover, in the name of morality and following archaic laws, Gay and lesbian people are considered violating law.

Somewhere, that does make it look like we have a lot to go till we achieve real independence. But then, is it really such an achievable thing ? Is there any country in the world which is prospering and can claim to have true independence?

True independence will be achieved when we achieve freedom of minds, and when our entire society become open to everyone's freedom. Overall change in mindset of entire society is very much needed. Several times, brilliant minds have been killed by society's mindset and restrictions. So independence in true sense can be achieved only with a great reform in society's mindset. And can that be achieved in absolute terms and by a given time-frame? I think not. Reform is an ever-growing process. People and society will have to keep reforming themselves. And achieving absolute freedom never seems an achievable  target. That's primary because good and bad are always going to co-exist in society. So expecting a perfect, fairy tale society, where nothing will go wrong, and everything will happen to satisfaction, really does seem to much to expect. But yes, we can still go a long way, and achieve much more degree of independence, than we have right now. Hope we do so!!

Net Neutrality, Save the Internet Campaign, what's this all about

Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S1t54THJZY

What is Net Neutrality? 

It is simply an unbiased treatment of all kinds of data over Internet. Quoting from the consultation paper of  TRAI:-  

"Strict NN: NN prohibits TSPs from speeding up, slowing down or blocking internet traffic based on its source, ownership or destination.
According to Hahn & Wallsten, “NN usually means that broadband service providers charge consumers only once for internet access, do not favour one content provider over another, and do not charge content providers for sending information over broadband lines to end users.”

So how all this started?
3-4 years back, smartphone penetration was very low. With arrival of Android OS, smartphones' prices started coming down. At the same time, mobile application market too saw a quick boom. Suddenly everyone who could afford, had a nice smartphone in hand with so many mobile applications (apps) installed in them. 

While this meant a boon for consumers like us, the same gradually brought a big worry for Telecom Service providers (TSPs). The profit margins started coming down for them. With arrival of messaging apps like Nimbuzz, whatsApp, WeChat, hike etc. people with smartphones got a better option to sms and mms. Using these messaging services were far cheaper than sms/mms option. 

So the profits getting generated from sms and mms came significantly down for the TSPs. Similarly, arrival of calling apps like skype and Viber meant a great loss for TSPs again. International calling cards went for a toss, and even for National calls, many people on 3G started using these calling apps. As per the stats of TRAI, in the year 2003, skype’s traffic was almost 40% the size of the entire conventional telecom market, and in growth terms it has now far outpaced the combined growth in the voice minutes of the global telecom industry!! 

So you got that? Telecom Service Providers are crying over the loss in profits happening due the emergence of these messaging and calling apps. But there comes another point. Aren't these telecom companies earning more too, due to the rise in internet data consumption?  Is the rise in revenue on account of data packs, enough to mitigate the loss in profits happening due to decrease in revenue from sms and calls? Apparently not. Their argument is that, they have to increasingly keep upgrading the system to cater to the increasing demands of consumers, and they have to keep investing in new infrastructures at the same time. So all these additional expenses make it difficult for the revenue from data packs to mitigate the loss in profits due to the mobile apps. That's what the contention of TSPs is, and that's what TRAI also seems to be getting convinced with. 

So now TSPs are up in arms and are demanding various regulations in order to get compensated for their loss in profits. After having a meeting with TSPs and mobile app makers on the issue, TRAI thought the need for some regulations, but they wanted to take public opinion. So they came out with a 118 pages consultation paper explaining the issue in detail, and asking 20 questions on various aspects of the issue. 

Image source:- http://www.technotraps.com/net-neutrality-india/

The TRAI consultation paper basically focusses on 3 major issues:-

1. Concerns raised by TSPs 
2. The OTT app makers not bounded by Indian laws and regulations
3. Security concerns related to the OTT (over the top)

From the tone and tenor of the paper, TRAI seems to be tilting more towards the cause of TSPs. Their argument- these app makers do a free ride on the network of TSPs, flourishing and earning huge profits without giving TSPs any portion of their profit. Funnily enough, TRAI has termed these mobile apps as OTT- Over the top- services, as if they are doing a crime by using data "over the top"! 

In the words of TRAI-

"The characteristics of OTT services are such that TSPs realise revenues solely from the increased data usage of the internet-connected customers for various applications (henceforth, apps). The TSPs do not realise any other revenues, be it for carriage or bandwidth. They are also not involved in planning, selling, or enabling OTT apps. On the other hand, OTT providers make use of the TSPs’ infrastructure to reach their customers and offer products/services that not only make money for them but also compete with the traditional services offered by TSPs. Leave aside TSPs, these apps also compete with brick and mortar rivals e.g. e-commerce sites, banking etc.

Paradoxically, the broadband networks provided by incumbent TSPs are used as a platform by the OTT players for the development of new businesses. The growth of traffic apart, the OTT applications have created an increasing demand for faster broadband speed, which translates into a need for huge investments in network up-gradation by the TSPs."

While giving all these arguments, they forget that TSPs are also earning revenue by way of increased data consumption. And if they are incurring significant loss in profits, then they can always hike the data pack prices accordingly.

But yes, as for point 2,3 related to Regulation and security, TRAI does have some valid point. None of the apps are registered in India, so they are not bonded by Indian laws or regulations. It can cause severe problem at some time. But forcing them to register may introduce unnecessary hassles along with delay due to underlying process and red tapes. Best would be that they be made to submit an affidavit giving information of their organisation and promising to follow a set of rules and regulations. The security concerns are also very legitimate one. Here too they could be made to sign similar affidavits legally binding them to certain laws. 

Here are a few policies/regulations which are being considered to be implemented by TRAI, and could become reality soon:- 

1. Mobile app makers may be made to register with Indian authorities after paying certain amount of fee. 
2. Mobile app makers may be made to adhere to certain quality of service, and to a set of Indian laws and regulations 
3. Mobile app makers may be made to give a section of their profit to the TSP whose network they use. 
4. TSPs may be given free hand in charging customers based on types of data. Like 5MB of data spent on voice calls using apps like viber or skype may cost Rs. 30, whereas the same 5MB data spent in surfing websites through browser could cost just Rs 10. A 10 MB voice call over skype may cost you much more than the same 10MB data spent in website surfing not involving any audio data transfer.
5. TSPs may be allowed to selectively slow-down or speed up the access to some websites or apps. Like you could access flipkart faster than whatsApp (even though both may be requiring same amount of data to download). 
6. TSPs may be allowed to make a few apps/sites free on their network and charge for other ones. In this scheme, the owner of app may pay money to TSPs per user per data being used and the TSP in turn may make the access free for users on his particular network. This means, that different service providers may have different free schemes. For example, Airtel may provide free access to flipkart on their network, Vodafone may provide free access to amazon on their network and so on. While this looks good in a way, but this gives preferential treatment to specific app makers willing to pay hampering a fair competition. This may also habituate users for a particular app or website, hence killing the concept of free choice.

All the above possibilities are not my assumptions or just inferences from some online articles. These are as per the document of TRAI. In the consultation paper, TRAI has clearly mentioned proposals to implement the above few policies. In fact there are many more proposals for new policies, but above 6 are the most crucial and noteworthy proposals which can completely change the way we access internet.

I am sure most of you would feel many of the above proposals to be extremely alarming. How would you feel paying different-different amount for different kinds of data and different kind of applications being used!! And how would you feel a few websites being slowed down, and a few accessible faster, even though being subscribed to a standard internet pack? That's why we need to make our voices heard, by protesting against these proposal which completely go against the idea of Net Neutrality. We should first email to TRAI (advqos@trai.gov.in), giving our response to the 20 questions asked. And then we should spread awareness about the same. We should write to our area MPs/MLAs to support this cause. 

That almost concludes my blog-post.

Below this line, I would be quoting a few very crucial excerpts from the TRAI consultation paper, which will give very clear indication of the way it is headed. Here it starts:-

Regarding revenue from consumption of increasing amount of data, this is what TRAI has to say:- 

"At one extreme, some argue that TSPs should focus exclusively on their role as "bit pipes" (carriers of data through the pipes) rather than remain integrated companies that provide services and infrastructure. However, there is another side to the story. Building such networks will require substantial investments by the TSPs. With more users connecting to the internet, the network of the TSP is under constant strain and there is the risk that the back-end server will reach its capacity very fast, thus compelling constant upgrades, the costs of which are to be borne exclusively or for the large part by the TSPs which build such networks ."

 On revenue loss due to voice calling services, this is what the TRAI document reads:-

 "In voice services, however, a different situation arises where unmanaged IP voice services,such as Skype or WeChat or Gmail video chat, can be exploited with lower access speeds. This obviously and adversely impacts the revenue of TSPs. For example, every Skype call that bypasses the TSP is foregone revenue. Similarly the use of SMS services, traditionally a lucrative business for mobile operators, is declining. One of the main reasons is the growth of OTT applications like WeChat and WhatsApp."

Regarding lack of any licensing of the mobile apps, this is what the document reads:-

"According to the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), voice services provided by OTT players substitute the PSTN/ Internet Telephony Services offered by licensed TSPs. In the present licensing regime, Internet Telephony is a licensed service permitted only under the UAS/ISP or Unified License granted under Section 4 of the Indian Telegraph Act 1885. Hence, according to COAI, companies offering OTT voice services, without holding a telecom license in India, circumvent Indian telecom licensing provisions and provide services that are otherwise permitted only under a telecom license.

COAI further opines that the licensed TSPs in India are subject to many licensing provisions, including but not limited to regulatory fees such as Entry Fee, License Fee and Spectrum Usage Charges. They are also subjected to various statutory regulations such as Quality of Service Regulations, Tariff Regulations and, Consumer Protection Regulations."

Regarding adverse impacts of these mobile calling apps, on National objective:-

"The TSPs also argue that allowing the use of VoIP/Internet Telephony on such a massive scale, without a licensing regime, would result in a significant disruption to the existing business of TSPs and could substantially derail their investment capability. Such a situation would jeopardize the national objective of affordable and ubiquitous telephone and broadband access across the country. Further, the proliferation of OTT communication services would lead to a significant loss of revenue for the exchequer."

On the increased revenue from increase consumption of data:-

"The OTTs are quick to point out that increased data usage augments revenue flows of the TSPs. This is indeed true. However, whether this revenue sufficiently compensates the TSPs needs further examination. Further, there is a technological caveat to the general proposition that increased OTT app usage augments revenue flows of TSPs. With the evolution of new coding techniques (I2S for audio and HVEC for video) apps are being designed to consume minimal bandwidth and improved call/ video quality. If so, will there be any revenue increase and would it still sufficiently compensate the TSPs?"

TRAI says revenue loss of TSPs will lower Govt revenues:-

"The revenue losses of the TSPs will also lower various Government revenues. It will also result in lower accumulation of Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) for the government, which is a percentage of the revenues earned by the TSPs. The loss in revenue for the TSPs will also lead to less return on their network investments which could substantially derail their investment capability. This will lead to less investment in the infrastructure."

The fault with all or nothing approach, TRAI says:-

"The adoption of the strict NN rule would require TSPs to treat each packet the same. And this, by definition, would make it impossible to offer and deliver Quality of Service. Proponents of this approach are concerned that TSPs may use QoS as a tool to distort competition among competing applications by offering QoS selectively to one of several competing applications. In addition, they fear that allowing TSPs to offer QoS and charge for it may reduce the quality of the baseline service and reduce TSPs’ incentives to increase the capacity of their networks.

Therefore, the two extremes- strict NN and no regulation- are inherently flawed. Banning all discrimination is over-inclusive and restricts the evolution of the network. Allowing all discrimination can lead to exclusion and, effectively, make the rule against blocking meaningless.

Hence, a few standards or principles such as ‘No Blocking’ and fixed QoS standards ought to be specified to respond to concerns."

 Regarding variable pricing of data, and various traffic management techniques:-

"QoS techniques may also be employed to provide tiered internet access to end users, or to manage the traffic of certain end users (as opposed to certain protocols). Light users could be offered limited access to the internet in return for a discount to the current flat rate price for unlimited access. This means that access to websites or services that are not included in the selected internet access package would be denied, or will cost extra. At the same time, the cost for an unlimited internet access is likely to increase, because it is no longer cross subsidized by the light users. However, with respect to fixed-line internet access, proponents of NN fear that such practice may lead to a fragmentation of the internet."

That brings it to the end. I hope this blog-post was able to clear the issue for my reads :) Thanks for the visit! Cheers to Net Neutrality! :)

Here are a few related resources:-
TRAI website:- http://www.trai.gov.in/
SaveTheInterNet website: -  http://www.trai.gov.in/  (Here you can get pre-written responses to the 20 questions asked. You can read them, modify them suitably, and then email them to TRAI)